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Study Skills

How to Cite References

It is usual to add a list of references to a piece of work in order to acknowledge the material you have used and to allow your readers access to it.

• Listing the References
• Referencing from the Text
• Quotations
• Diagrams
• Example Layout

Listing the References

List the references alphabetically by author at the end of your work.

The information you need to include is:

Books
Author(s) /Editor(s).
Year.
Title.
Edition (if other than 1st).
Publisher, Place of publication.

For example:

Beardshaw J & Palfreman D (1990)
The Organisation in its Environment 4th ed.
Pitman Publishing, London.

Chapters in Books
Author(s) of chapter.
Title of chapter.
Details of book.
Page numbers of chapter.

For example:

Lewis I & Vulliamy G (1981).
The social context of educational practice:
The case of special education.
In Barton L & Tomlinson S eds.
Special education: Policy, Practices and Social Issues
Harper & Row, London. pp 53-70.

Newspaper and Periodical Articles (journals and magazines)
Author(s).
Year.
Title of article.
Title of newspaper/periodical (in full; do not abbreviate).
Volume number.
Part number or issue date.
Page number(s).

For example:

Dunn S (1986) The role of education.
Oxford Review of Education 12(3), pp233-242.

Mortishead, S (1999) Worst result for Shell in a century.
The Times 12.2.99, 2, p1.

Web sites
Ensure that you include as much information as possible such as:

For example:

Cadbury's Case Study on Fuse
http://www.cadbury.co.uk/EN/CTB2003/learning_zone/case_study/
Last accessed 07/05/2003

Referencing from the Text

In the text, refer to the list of references by giving the author/editor and the date. The book must be mentioned in your bibliography/ references. This is how it might look:

Lawton (1985) estimates that ... It has been estimated that ... (Lawton 1985).

Quotations

A quotation should be in quotation marks or form a separate indented paragraph.

If you use a quotation you should include a page reference, like this:

(Hargreaves 1982, p74) where 74 is the page number.

Diagrams

If you use diagrams, charts or tables, you should clearly state the source.

For example:

Source: Office of Population Censuses and Surveys, 1991.
Source: Social Trends 26, p23.
Source: HM Treasury, 1998, Budget in Brief.

Example Layout

References

Beardshaw J & Palfreman D (1990)
The Organisation in its Environment 4th ed.
Pitman Publishing, London.

Dunn S (1986) The role of education.
Oxford Review of Education 12(3), pp233-242.

Mortishead, S (1999) Worst result for Shell in a century.
The Times 12.2.99, 2, p1.

Moore S (1996)
Sociology Alive 2nd ed.
Stanley Thornes, Cheltenham.

Cadbury's Case Study on Fuse
http://www.cadbury.co.uk/EN/CTB2003/learning_zone/case_study
Last accessed 07/05/2003

This will enable interested parties to confirm your sources and will also remind you should you ever need to use this information again.

Remember: if you take something from a secondary source you must reference it.